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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germylene</span></h1>
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<p><b>Germylene</b> sind eine Klasse an <a href="Germaniumorganische_Verbindungen" title="Germaniumorganische Verbindungen">germaniumorganischen Verbindungen</a> und gehören zu den <a href="Tetrylene" title="Tetrylene">Tetrylenen</a>. Als solche haben sie die allgemeine Summenformel R<sub>2</sub>Ge.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Darstellung">Darstellung</h2></div>
<p>Germylene können auf verschiedene Arten hergestellt werden. Zum einen besteht die Möglichkeit des Umsetzens eines Germols mit einem <a href="Arine" title="Arine">Arin</a> (zum Beispiel Dehydrobenzol). Dabei bildet sich zunächst ein Germabenzonorbornadien, welches sich unter thermischer Einwirkung zum korrespondierenden Germylen und <a href="Naphthalin" title="Naphthalin">Naphthalen</a> zersetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<p>Eine weitere Möglichkeit zur Synthese von Germylenen ist die <a href="Reduktive_Dehalogenierung" title="Reduktive Dehalogenierung">reduktive Dehalogenierung</a> von Dihalogenierten <a href="Germanen" title="Germanen">Germanen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<p>Weiterhin zersetzen sich viele Oligogermane photolytisch unter Abspaltung von Germylenen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<p>Als vierte Möglichkeit besteht die Transmetallierung von <a href="Germanium(II)-chlorid" title="Germanium(II)-chlorid">Germaniumdichlorid</a> mit <a href="Lithiumorganische_Verbindungen" title="Lithiumorganische Verbindungen">Lithium-</a> oder Natriumorganylen.<sup id="cite_ref-G1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-G2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur_und_Stabilität"><span id="Struktur_und_Stabilit.C3.A4t"></span>Struktur und Stabilität</h2></div>
<p>Germylene sind niedervalente Verbindungen mit einem Divalenten Germaniumatom in der Oxidationsstufe +II. Entsprechend befinden sich noch zwei Elektronen am Germaniumatom, die keine Beiträge zu den Bindungen leisten. Da Germylene in der Regel im Singulettzustand vorliegen, bedeutet das, dass sich am Germaniumatom ein freies Elektronenpaar und ein vakantes <i>p</i>-Orbital befinden. Dadurch können Germylene sowohl als Elektronendonoren als auch als Elektronenakzeptoren fungieren.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germylene sind bei gleicher Substitution schlechtere Donoren und bessere Akzeptoren als <a href="Silylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Silylene">Silylene</a> und gleichzeitig stärkere Donoren und schwächere Akzeptoren als <a href="Stannylene" title="Stannylene">Stannylene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Orbitaleigenschaften_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orbitaleigenschaften-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="gallerytext">Das freie Elektronenpaar am Germanium</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
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<div class="gallerytext">Das vakante <i>p</i>-Orbital am Germanium</div>
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<p>Viele Parameter, mit denen sich die Reaktivität beschreiben lässt wie der Singulett-Triplett- oder der HOMO-LUMO-Abstand sind dabei stark von den Liganden und ihren elektronischen und sterischen Einflüssen abhängig.<sup id="cite_ref-Orbitaleigenschaften_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orbitaleigenschaften-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaktivität"><span id="Reaktivit.C3.A4t"></span>Reaktivität</h2></div>
<p>Insbesondere nicht-stabilisierte Germylene und Germylene ohne sterische Abschirmung neigen zur <a href="Dimerisierung" title="Dimerisierung">Di-</a> oder <a href="Oligomer" title="Oligomer">Oligomerisierung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Dimere weisen dabei wie die meisten schweren Alkenhomologen nicht-klassische Doppelbindungen auf und liegen in einer <i>trans</i>-bent-Geometrie vor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<p>Des Weiteren können Germylene <a href="Cycloaddition" title="Cycloaddition">[2+4]-Cycloadditionsreaktionen</a> eingehen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<p>Außerdem sind Germylene dazu in der Lage, in diverse <a href="Chemische_Bindung" title="Chemische Bindung"><i>σ</i>-Bindungen</a> zu insertieren. Beispiele finden sich zum Beispiel für E–H- (E = <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">H</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="Bor" title="Bor">B</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff">C</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff">N</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">O</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Ge<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), C–X (X = <a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Cl</a>, <a href="Brom" title="Brom">Br</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, C–E (E = N, O, S, <a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber">Hg</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder S–S-Bindungen.<sup id="cite_ref-G1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In ihrer Funktion als <i>σ</i>-Donor können sie auch als Donorliganden dienen.<sup id="cite_ref-Donor_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analog können sie auch durch ihr vakantes Orbital als <i>σ</i>-Akzeptoren fungieren.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<ul class="center gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Ein germylenbasierter Pincerligand in einem Nickelkomplex<sup id="cite_ref-Donor_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Das GeCl<sub>2</sub>–Dioxan-Addukt<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9">j</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10">k</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11">l</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12">m</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13">n</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14">o</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15">p</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Wilhelm_Neumann_(Chemiker)" title="Wilhelm Neumann (Chemiker)">Wilhelm P. Neumann</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Germylenes and stannylenes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Chemical_Reviews" title="Chemical Reviews">Chemical Reviews</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>91</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3</span>, Mai 1991, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>311–334</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00003a002">10.1021/cr00003a002</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Germylene&amp;rft.atitle=Germylenes+and+stannylenes&amp;rft.au=Wilhelm+P.+Neumann&amp;rft.date=1991-05&amp;rft.doi=10.1021%2Fcr00003a002&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&amp;rft.pages=311-334&amp;rft.volume=91" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-G1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-G1_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-G1_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-G1_2-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandrajeet Mohapatra, Lennart T. Scharf, Thorsten Scherpf, Bert Mallick, Kai‐Stephan Feichtner, Christopher Schwarz, <a href="Viktoria_D%C3%A4schlein-Gessner" title="Viktoria Däschlein-Gessner">Viktoria H. Gessner</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Isolation of a Diylide‐Stabilized Stannylene and Germylene: Enhanced Donor Strength through Coplanar Lone Pair Alignment</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Angewandte_Chemie_(Zeitschrift)" title="Angewandte Chemie (Zeitschrift)">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>58</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>22</span>, 27.&nbsp;Mai 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>7459–7463</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201902831">10.1002/anie.201902831</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30901140?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30901140</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6563488/">PMC&nbsp;6563488</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Germylene&amp;rft.atitle=Isolation+of+a+Diylide%E2%80%90Stabilized+Stannylene+and+Germylene%3A+Enhanced+Donor+Strength+through+Coplanar+Lone+Pair+Alignment&amp;rft.au=Chandrajeet+Mohapatra%2C+Lennart+T.+Scharf%2C+Thorsten+Scherpf%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2019-05-27&amp;rft.doi=10.1002%2Fanie.201902831&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=22&amp;rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&amp;rft.pages=7459-7463&amp;rft.pmc=6563488&amp;rft.pmid=30901140&amp;rft.volume=58" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-G2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-G2_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-G2_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandrajeet Mohapatra, Heidar Darmandeh, Henning Steinert, Bert Mallick, Kai‐Stephan Feichtner, <a href="Viktoria_D%C3%A4schlein-Gessner" title="Viktoria Däschlein-Gessner">Viktoria H. Gessner</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synthesis of Low‐Valent Dinuclear Group 14 Compounds with Element–Element Bonds by Transylidation</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Chemistry_%E2%80%93_A_European_Journal" title="Chemistry – A European Journal">Chemistry – A European Journal</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>26</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>66</span>, 26.&nbsp;November 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>15145–15149</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202004242">10.1002/chem.202004242</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32954596?dopt=Abstract">PMID 32954596</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7756224/">PMC&nbsp;7756224</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Germylene&amp;rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Low%E2%80%90Valent+Dinuclear+Group+14+Compounds+with+Element-Element+Bonds+by+Transylidation&amp;rft.au=Chandrajeet+Mohapatra%2C+Heidar+Darmandeh%2C+Henning+Steinert%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2020-11-26&amp;rft.doi=10.1002%2Fchem.202004242&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=66&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&amp;rft.pages=15145-15149&amp;rft.pmc=7756224&amp;rft.pmid=32954596&amp;rft.volume=26" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Erwin Riedel, Christoph Janiak, Hans-Jürgen Meyer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Riedel, moderne anorganische Chemie</cite>. 4. Auflage. De Gruyter, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-024900-2.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Germylene&amp;rft.au=Erwin+Riedel%2C+Christoph+Janiak%2C+Hans-J%C3%BCrgen+Meyer&amp;rft.btitle=Riedel%2C+moderne+anorganische+Chemie&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.edition=4.+Aufl&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783110249002&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=De+Gruyter" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Orbitaleigenschaften-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orbitaleigenschaften_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orbitaleigenschaften_5-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Henning Steinert, Julian Löffler, Viktoria H. Gessner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Single‐Site and Cooperative Bond Activation Reactions with Ylide‐Functionalized Tetrylenes: A Computational Study</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry</cite>. 26.&nbsp;Oktober 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ejic.202100816</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.202100816">10.1002/ejic.202100816</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Germylene&amp;rft.atitle=Single%E2%80%90Site+and+Cooperative+Bond+Activation+Reactions+with+Ylide%E2%80%90Functionalized+Tetrylenes%3A+A+Computational+Study&amp;rft.au=Henning+Steinert%2C+Julian+L%C3%B6ffler%2C+Viktoria+H.+Gessner&amp;rft.btitle=European+Journal+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2021-10-26&amp;rft.doi=10.1002%2Fejic.202100816&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=ejic.202100816" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Usher, Andrey V. Protchenko, Arnab Rit, Jesús Campos, Eugene L. Kolychev: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Systematic Study of Structure and E−H Bond Activation Chemistry by Sterically Encumbered Germylene Complexes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry – A European Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>22</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>33</span>, 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>11685–11698</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201601840">10.1002/chem.201601840</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Germylene&amp;rft.atitle=A+Systematic+Study+of+Structure+and+E%E2%88%92H+Bond+Activation+Chemistry+by+Sterically+Encumbered+Germylene+Complexes&amp;rft.au=Matthew+Usher%2C+Andrey+V.+Protchenko%2C+Arnab+Rit%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.doi=10.1002%2Fchem.201601840&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=33&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&amp;rft.pages=11685-11698&amp;rft.volume=22" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Donor-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Donor_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Donor_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Takahito Watanabe, Yumi Kasai, Hiromi Tobita: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Nickel Complex Containing a Pyramidalized, Ambiphilic Pincer Germylene Ligand</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemistry – A European Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>25</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>59</span>, 22.&nbsp;Oktober 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>13491–13495</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201903069">10.1002/chem.201903069</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Germylene&amp;rft.atitle=A+Nickel+Complex+Containing+a+Pyramidalized%2C+Ambiphilic+Pincer+Germylene+Ligand&amp;rft.au=Takahito+Watanabe%2C+Yumi+Kasai%2C+Hiromi+Tobita&amp;rft.date=2019-10-22&amp;rft.doi=10.1002%2Fchem.201903069&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=59&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&amp;rft.pages=13491-13495&amp;rft.volume=25" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
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